1. Imiterere ihiganwa muruganda rugaburira
Dukurikije imibare y’inganda z’ibiribwa mu gihugu, mu myaka yashize, nubwo umusaruro w’ibiryo by’Ubushinwa wagaragaje ko ugenda wiyongera, umubare w’inganda zikora ibiryo mu Bushinwa wagaragaje ko muri rusange ugabanuka. Impamvu ni uko inganda zigaburira Ubushinwa zigenda ziva buhoro buhoro zerekeza ku cyerekezo cyibanze, kandi imishinga mito ifite ikoranabuhanga ridahwitse ry’umusaruro ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, ndetse no kutamenya neza ibicuruzwa, bigenda bisimburwa buhoro buhoro. Muri icyo gihe, kubera ibintu nkabanywanyi no kuvugurura inganda, no kongera abakozi n’ibiciro fatizo, urwego rw’inyungu rw’ibiribwa rugabanuka, kandi n’inganda nini nini zishobora gukomeza gukora mu marushanwa y’inganda.
Ku rundi ruhande, inganda nini zitanga umusaruro, zikoresha ubukungu bwazo kandi zikoresha amahirwe yo kwishyira hamwe mu nganda kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bw’umusaruro binyuze mu guhuza cyangwa gushingira ku musaruro mushya, kuzamura ingufu n’inganda, no guteza imbere buhoro buhoro inganda z’ibiribwa mu Bushinwa zigana ku ntera no kongera ingufu.
2. Inganda zigaburira ni izunguruka, uturere, nibihe
(1) Akarere
Uturere tw’inganda z’inganda z’ibiryo mu Bushinwa dufite ibintu bimwe na bimwe biranga akarere, kubera impamvu zikurikira: icya mbere, Ubushinwa bufite ifasi nini, kandi hari itandukaniro rigaragara mu bwoko bw’ibihingwa n’umusaruro w’ingano watewe mu turere dutandukanye. Ibiryo byibanze hamwe nibiryo byateganijwe bigizwe nigice kinini mumajyaruguru, mugihe ibiryo bivangwa bikoreshwa cyane mumajyepfo; Icya kabiri, inganda zigaburira zifitanye isano rya hafi n’inganda z’amafi, kandi kubera ingeso zitandukanye zimirire nubwoko bwororoka mu turere dutandukanye, hariho kandi itandukaniro ryakarere mukugaburira. Kurugero, mubice byinyanja, ubworozi bwamazi nuburyo bwibanze, mugihe muburaruko bushira uburaruko bushira uburaruko bushira uburengero bushira uburengero, hariho inyamaswa nyinshi zororoka zororerwa inka nintama; Icya gatatu, amarushanwa mu nganda z’ibiribwa mu Bushinwa arakaze cyane, hamwe n’inyungu rusange y’inyungu rusange, ibikoresho fatizo bigoye kandi bitandukanye, inkomoko zitandukanye, hamwe na radiyo ngufi. Kubwibyo, inganda zigaburira ahanini zifata icyitegererezo cy "uruganda rwigihugu, imiyoborere ihuriweho, nigikorwa cyaho". Muri make, inganda zigaburira mubushinwa zerekana ibiranga akarere.
(2) Igihe cyagenwe
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku nganda zigaburira ibiryo birimo ibintu byinshi, cyane cyane birimo ibikoresho fatizo byo mu ruganda rw’ibiryo, nk'ibigori na soya, ndetse no mu ruganda rwo kugaburira ibiryo, bifitanye isano rya bugufi n'ubworozi bw'igihugu. Muri byo, ibikoresho fatizo byo hejuru ni ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka ku nganda zigaburira.
Ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo byinshi nk'ibigori na soya mu majyaruguru birahura n’imihindagurikire imwe n'imwe ku masoko yo mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga, ibihe mpuzamahanga, hamwe n'iteganyagihe, bigira ingaruka ku giciro cy'inganda zigaburirwa hanyuma bikagira ingaruka ku biciro by'ibiryo. Ibi bivuze ko mugihe gito, ibiciro byibiryo nibiciro nabyo bizahinduka bikurikije. Ibarura ry’inganda z’amafi yo hepfo y’amazi ziterwa n’ibintu nk’indwara z’inyamaswa n’ibiciro by’isoko, kandi hari n’urwego runaka rw’imihindagurikire y’ibarura n’ibicuruzwa, bigira ingaruka ku gukenera ibicuruzwa by’ibiryo ku rugero runaka. Kubwibyo, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe biranga cycle mu nganda zigaburira mugihe gito.
Nyamara, hamwe n’iterambere ry’imibereho y’abantu, icyifuzo cy’inyama za poroteyine zo mu rwego rwo hejuru nacyo kigenda cyiyongera, kandi inganda z’ibiribwa muri rusange zakomeje iterambere rihamye. Nubwo hari ihindagurika ryibikenerwa mu kugaburira ibiryo bitewe n’indwara z’inyamaswa zo hepfo nko muri Afurika y’ingurube, mu gihe kirekire, inganda z’ibiryo muri rusange ntizifite igihe kigaragara. Muri icyo gihe, kwibanda ku nganda z’ibiribwa byarushijeho kwiyongera, kandi inganda zikomeye mu nganda zikurikiranira hafi impinduka zikenewe ku isoko, zihindura cyane ingamba n’ibikorwa byo kwamamaza, kandi zishobora kungukirwa n’iterambere rihamye ry’ibikenewe ku isoko.
(3) Ibihe
Hariho umuco ukomeye mu biruhuko mu Bushinwa, cyane cyane mu minsi mikuru nk'Iserukiramuco, Iserukiramuco ry'ubwato bwa Dragon, Umunsi mukuru w'izuba, n'umunsi w'igihugu. Icyifuzo cyubwoko butandukanye bwinyama nabantu nacyo kiziyongera. Inganda zororoka ubusanzwe zongera ibarura ryazo mbere kugirango zihangane n’ubwiyongere bukenewe mu biruhuko, ibyo bigatuma abantu benshi bakeneye ibiryo mbere y’ibiruhuko. Nyuma y'ikiruhuko, abaguzi bakeneye amatungo, inkoko, inyama, n'amafi bizagabanuka, kandi inganda zose z’amafi nazo zizakora intege nke, bivamo igihe kitari gito cyo kugaburira. Kugaburira ingurube, kubera iminsi mikuru ikunze kugaragara mugice cya kabiri cyumwaka, mubisanzwe nigihe cyigihe cyo gukenera ibiryo, umusaruro, no kugurisha.
3. Gutanga no gusaba uko inganda zigaburira
Nk’uko bigaragara mu gitabo cyitwa "China Feed Industry Yearbook" na "Imibare y’inganda z’ibiryo by’igihugu" cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kugaburira ibiryo mu myaka yashize, kuva mu 2018 kugeza mu wa 2022, umusaruro w’ibiryo by’inganda mu Bushinwa wiyongereye uva kuri toni miliyoni 227.88 ugera kuri toni miliyoni 302.23, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 7.31%.
Urebye ubwoko bwibiryo, igipimo cyibiryo bivangwa nicyo kinini kandi kigumana iterambere ryihuse. Kugeza mu 2022, igipimo cy'umusaruro w'ibiryo bivangwa mu musaruro rusange w'ibiryo ni 93.09%, byerekana ko bigenda byiyongera. Ibi bifitanye isano rya bugufi nigikorwa cyo kuzamura inganda z’amafi mu Bushinwa. Muri rusange, inganda nini zo mu mazi nini zikunda kugura ibiribwa byuzuye kandi bitaziguye, mugihe abahinzi-borozi bato bazigama amafaranga yo guhinga bagura primaire cyangwa intungamubiri no kubitunganya kugirango babone ibiryo byabo bwite. By'umwihariko nyuma y’icyorezo cy’ingurube muri Afurika, mu rwego rwo kurushaho kurinda umutekano w’ibinyabuzima by’ingurube, inganda zororoka z’ingurube zikunda kugura ibicuruzwa by’ingurube mu buryo bumwe, aho kugura ibibanza n’ibikoresho byibanda ku gutunganya ahabigenewe.
Ibiryo by'ingurube n'ibiryo by'inkoko ni ubwoko nyamukuru mu miterere y'ibicuruzwa by'Ubushinwa. Nk’uko bigaragara mu gitabo cyitwa "China Feed Industry Yearbook" na "National Feed Industry Statistical Data Data" cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kugaburira ibiryo mu myaka yashize, umusaruro w’ubwoko bw’ibiryo mu byiciro bitandukanye by’ubworozi mu Bushinwa kuva 2017 kugeza 2022.
4. Urwego rwa tekiniki nibiranga inganda zigaburira
Inganda zigaburira buri gihe zagize uruhare runini mu buhinzi bugezweho, ziganisha ku guhindura no kuzamura urwego rw’ubworozi binyuze mu guhanga udushya. Bitewe n'imbaraga z'inganda, amasomo, n'ubushakashatsi, inganda zigaburira zateje imbere iterambere rirambye ry'ubuhinzi mu bice nko guhanga udushya, imirire yuzuye, no gusimbuza antibiotike. Muri icyo gihe, yateje imbere amakuru n’ubwenge bw’inganda zigaburira ibikoresho n’ibikorwa bitanga umusaruro, bikazamura urwego rw’ibiribwa hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya digitale.
(1) Urwego rwa tekiniki rwibiryo
Hamwe no kwihutisha ivugururwa ry’ubuhinzi no kurushaho kunoza ubushakashatsi bw’ibiryo, kunoza imiterere y’ibiribwa byahindutse irushanwa ry’ibanze ry’inganda zitanga umusaruro. Ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bishya bigaburirwa no kubisimbuza byahindutse icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’inganda, biteza imbere itandukaniro n’imirire yuzuye yimiterere yibiryo.
Igiciro cyo kugaburira nikintu cyingenzi cyibiciro byubworozi, kandi ibikoresho byinshi nkibigori nibiryo bya soya nabyo byingenzi mubiciro byibiryo. Bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo by'ibiryo nk'ibigori na soya, hamwe ahanini no gutumizwa mu mahanga biva muri soya, gushaka ubundi buryo bwo kugaburira ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo bigabanye ibiciro by'ibiryo byahindutse icyerekezo cy'ubushakashatsi ku mishinga. Kugaburira ibigo bishingiye kubibyazwa umusaruro wibikoresho fatizo nibindi byiza bya geografiya yinganda zigaburira, Ibisubizo bitandukanye nabyo birashobora gukemurwa. Ku bijyanye no gusimbuza antibiyotike, hamwe no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga, ikoreshwa ry’amavuta y’ibimera, porotiyotike, imyiteguro ya enzyme, na porotiyotike biriyongera. Muri icyo gihe, inganda n’inganda nazo zikomeje gukora ubushakashatsi kuri gahunda yo guhuza antibiyotike yo gusimbuza antibiyotike, guteza imbere kwinjiza intungamubiri z’ibiryo mu mpande zose binyuze mu kongeramo inyongeramusaruro, no kugera ku ngaruka nziza zo gusimbuza.
Kugeza ubu, inganda ziyobora ibiryo mu nganda zateye intambwe igaragara mu rwego rwo gusimbuza ibikoresho byinshi, kandi birashobora guhangana neza n’imihindagurikire y’ibiciro fatizo binyuze mu gusimbuza ibikoresho bibisi; Gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zirwanya mikorobe byateye imbere, ariko haracyari ikibazo cyo guhindura imvange yinyongeramusaruro cyangwa ibiryo byanyuma kugirango ugere kumirire myiza.
5. Inzira ziterambere ryinganda zigaburira
(1) Impinduka nini kandi ihindagurika no kuzamura inganda zigaburira
Kugeza ubu, amarushanwa mu nganda zigaburira ibiryo aragenda arushaho gukaza umurego, kandi ibigo binini bitunganya ibiryo byagaragaje inyungu zikomeye zo guhatanira ubushakashatsi bw’ibiryo by’ibiryo ndetse n’iterambere, kugenzura ibiciro by’ibikoresho fatizo, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, kugurisha no kubaka sisitemu y’ibicuruzwa, na serivisi zikurikira. Muri Nyakanga 2020, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’itegeko rirwanya icyorezo n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa binini by’ibiribwa nk’ibigori n’ibiryo bya soya byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mishinga mito n'iciriritse itunganya ibiryo, Muri rusange inyungu rusange y’inganda iragenda igabanuka, bikomeza guhungabanya umwanya wo kubaho w’ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse. Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse bitunganya ibiryo bizagenda bisohoka buhoro buhoro ku isoko, kandi inganda nini zizatwara umwanya munini kandi mwinshi ku isoko.
(2) Gukomeza kunoza formulaire
Hamwe no kurushaho kumenya imikorere yibikoresho byinganda mu nganda no gukomeza kunoza imibare y’ubworozi bwo hasi, ubunyangamugayo n’imikorere y’imishinga y’ibiribwa ihora itera imbere. Muri icyo gihe, imibereho myiza y’ubukungu n’ubukungu ndetse n’abaguzi biyongera ku baguzi na bo bahora basunika inganda z’ibiryo kugira ngo zitekereze ku kurengera ibidukikije bikomoka kuri karuboni nkeya, kuzamura ireme ry’inyama, hamwe n’ibikoresho byiyongera mu gihe cyo gutegura amata. Ibiryo bike bya poroteyine, ibiryo bikora, nibindi bicuruzwa byamafunguro bihora byinjizwa kumasoko, Gukomeza gutezimbere amata byerekana icyerekezo cyiterambere cyiterambere ryinganda zigaburira.
(3) Kunoza ubushobozi bwubwishingizi bwibikoresho byigaburo no kugenzura ibiciro byibiryo
Inganda zigaburira inganda zirimo ingufu zibigori ibigori na proteine mbisi ya soya. Mu myaka yashize, imiterere y’inganda zatewe n’Ubushinwa zagiye zihinduka buhoro buhoro, ku buryo bunoze bwo kwihaza mu bikoresho by’ibiryo. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, uko Ubushinwa bugenda bugaburira poroteyine y’ibikoresho fatizo ahanini bishingiye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga biracyahari, kandi ukutamenya neza uko ibihugu byifashe birashyira ibisabwa cyane ku bushobozi bw’inganda zigaburira ingwate. Kunoza ubushobozi bwo kwemeza ibiryo fatizo byibiryo ni amahitamo byanze bikunze kugirango ibiciro byibiryo bigabanuke.
Nubwo guteza imbere imiterere y’inganda zatewe n’Ubushinwa no kuzamura ubushobozi bwabyo mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, inganda z’ibiribwa ziteza imbere gutandukanya amoko yatumijwe mu mahanga n’amasoko y’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibiribwa bya poroteyine, nko gushakisha byimazeyo ubushobozi bw’ibicuruzwa bituruka mu bihugu bikikije umuhanda wa "Umukandara n’umuhanda" ndetse n’ibindi bihugu kugira ngo byongere umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa, gushimangira igenzura ry’imikoreshereze y’ibiciro by’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa, gutumiza mu mahanga. Muri icyo gihe, tuzakomeza gushimangira guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa ubwoko bushya bw’imirire y’imirire mu gihugu, kandi duteze imbere kugabanya igipimo cy’ibikoresho fatizo bya poroteyine byongewe mu biryo by’ibiryo; Shimangira ububiko bwa tekinoroji yo gusimbuza ibikoresho, kandi ukoreshe ingano, sayiri, nibindi kugirango bisimburwe fatizo hashingiwe ku kwemeza ubwiza bwibiryo. Usibye ibikoresho fatizo gakondo, inganda zigaburira zikomeje gushakisha uburyo bushoboka bwo gukoresha ibiryo bikoreshwa mu buhinzi no ku ruhande, nko gushyigikira umwuma no gukama ibihingwa nk'ibijumba n'imyumbati, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa biva mu buhinzi nk'imbuto n'imboga, ibinyomoro, n'ibikoresho fatizo; Mugukora fermentation yibinyabuzima no kwangiza umubiri kubicuruzwa biva mu gutunganya amavuta, ibikubiye mu ntungamubiri zirwanya intungamubiri mu mutungo w’ubuhinzi n’uruhande bikomeza kugabanuka, ubwiza bwa poroteyine bugenda butera imbere, hanyuma bigahinduka ibikoresho by’ibiryo byorohereza umusaruro w’inganda, bikazamura byimazeyo ubushobozi bw’ubwishingizi bw’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibiryo.
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Mu myaka yashize, imiterere y’inganda z’ubuhinzi bw’amafi mu nganda z’ibiryo zahoraga zihinduka, aho abahinzi borozi borozi ku buntu ndetse n’inganda nto zo mu mazi zigenda ziyongera buhoro buhoro kugeza mu mirima y’imiryango igezweho cyangwa isohoka ku isoko. Inzira yo hasi yinganda zigaburira irerekana icyerekezo cyubunini, kandi umugabane wisoko ryimirima minini y’ubuhinzi bw’amafi, harimo n’imirima y’imiryango igezweho, uragenda waguka buhoro buhoro. Ibicuruzwa + Serivise "bivuga gukora no gutanga ibicuruzwa byihariye byujuje ibyifuzo by’abakiriya n’ibigo bishingiye ku byo basabwa. Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’inganda z’amafi yo mu mazi yo mu mazi, imiterere yihariye yabaye uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo gukurura abakiriya b’ubuhinzi bw’amafi manini manini.
Mubikorwa bya serivisi, ibigo byigaburo bihuza gahunda yihariye yibicuruzwa bikubiyemo guhora uhindura no kunoza imirire no gucunga neza imikoreshereze y’umukiriya umwe ukurikije ibikoresho byabo, amashyo y’ingurube, hamwe n’ubuzima. Usibye ibicuruzwa by'ibiryo ubwabyo, gahunda igomba kandi guherekezwa n'amasomo ajyanye, amahugurwa, ndetse no kugisha inama kugira ngo bafashe abakiriya borozi bo mu nsi yo hasi mu guhindura muri rusange porogaramu n'ibikoresho, kugera ku kuzamura imirire, kwirinda icyorezo, ubworozi, kwanduza, kwivuza, kwirinda indwara no kurwanya imyanda.
Mugihe kizaza, ibigo bigaburira bizatanga ibisubizo byingirakamaro bishingiye kubikenerwa nabakoresha batandukanye hamwe nububabare bwibihe bitandukanye. Muri icyo gihe, ibigo bizakoresha amakuru y’abakoresha kugira ngo bashireho ububiko bwabo bwite, bakusanyirize hamwe amakuru arimo imirire, ingaruka zo kugaburira, hamwe n’ibidukikije byororoka, basesengure neza ibyo abahinzi bakeneye ndetse n’ibikenewe by’abahinzi, kandi bizamura abakiriya ku bigo by’ibiribwa.
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Iterambere ry’imibereho y’abatuye Ubushinwa, isabwa rya poroteyine yo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’amatungo akora n’ibikomoka ku nkoko byiyongereye uko umwaka utashye, nk'inka, intama, amafi n'inyama za shrimp, n'ingurube. Mu gihe cyo gutanga raporo, umusaruro w’ibiryo by’ibiryo n’ibiryo byo mu mazi mu Bushinwa byakomeje kwiyongera, bikomeza umuvuduko mwinshi.
(6) Ibiryo byibinyabuzima nimwe munganda zigenda zigaragara mubushinwa
Ibiryo byibinyabuzima nimwe munganda zigenda zitera imbere mubushinwa. Ibiryo byibinyabuzima bivuga ibiryo byateguwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryibinyabuzima nka fermentation injeniyeri, ubwubatsi bwa enzyme, hamwe na protein yubushakashatsi bwibikoresho fatizo byongeweho, harimo ibiryo byasembuwe, ibiryo bitanga imisemburo, hamwe ninyongeramusaruro y'ibinyabuzima. Kugeza ubu, inganda z’ibiryo zinjiye mu gihe cy’ingamba zuzuye zo kurwanya icyorezo, hamwe n’ibiciro biri hejuru y’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibiribwa gakondo ndetse n’ubusanzwe bw’umuriro w’ingurube n’izindi ndwara. Umuvuduko nimbogamizi zihura n’ibiryo n’inganda zo mu mazi zigenda ziyongera umunsi ku munsi. Ibicuruzwa by’ibiribwa byahinduwe biologiya byahindutse ubushakashatsi ku isi hose kandi bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu bijyanye n’ubworozi bitewe n’inyungu zabo mu koroshya iterambere ry’umutungo w’ibiryo, kurinda umutekano w’ibiribwa n’ibikomoka ku bworozi, no kuzamura ibidukikije.
Mu myaka yashize, ikoranabuhanga ryibanze mu nganda z’ibiryo by’ibinyabuzima ryagiye rishyirwaho buhoro buhoro, kandi intambwe imaze guterwa mu bworozi bwa bagiteri, uburyo bwo gusembura ibiryo, ibikoresho byo gutunganya, amata y’inyongera, no kuvura ifumbire. Mu bihe biri imbere, mu rwego rwo kubuza no gusimbuza antibiyotike, imikurire y’ibiribwa byihuta cyane. Muri icyo gihe, inganda zigaburira zigomba gushyiraho ububiko bwibanze bwimirire yimirire ya ferment hamwe na sisitemu yo gusuzuma neza, gukoresha biotechnologie mugukurikirana imbaraga, no guha ibikoresho byinshi byogukora ibiryo byangiza ubuzima.
(7) Icyatsi kibisi, cyangiza ibidukikije, niterambere rirambye
"Gahunda yimyaka 14 yimyaka itanu" yongeye gusobanura gahunda yiterambere ryinganda yo "guteza imbere icyatsi no guteza imbere kubana neza hagati yabantu na kamere". "Igitekerezo kiyobora ku bijyanye no kwihutisha ishyirwaho no kunoza gahunda y’ubukungu bw’icyatsi kibisi n’icyerekezo gito cy’ubukungu" cyatanzwe n’inama y’ububanyi n’amahanga kandi kigaragaza ko gushyiraho no kunoza gahunda y’ubukungu y’icyatsi kibisi kandi gito ari yo ngamba y’ibanze yo gukemura ibibazo by’umutungo w’Ubushinwa, ibidukikije n’ibidukikije. Icyatsi kibisi, karuboni nkeya, kandi cyangiza ibidukikije "nuburyo bukomeye bwinganda zigaburira kugera ku majyambere arambye, kandi ni kamwe mu turere inganda z’ibiribwa zizakomeza kwibandaho mu bihe biri imbere. Inkomoko y’umwanda itavuwe mu mirima y’amafi y’amafi igira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, kandi isoko nyamukuru y’umwanda mu bworozi bw’amafi ni ibintu byinshi byangiza amazi ya hydrogène. Ubutaka binyuze mu bidukikije, kandi bushobora no kugira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abaguzi, nk’isoko yo kugaburira amatungo, ni ipfundo ry’ingenzi mu kugabanya umwanda w’amafi mu nganda zitegura uburyo bwo guhuza imirire y’ubumenyi kandi iringaniza, hongerwamo igogorwa ry’ibiryo by’amatungo hongerwamo amavuta y’ibimera, imyiteguro ya mikorobe, hamwe n’ibihingwa byangiza amoko ibigo bizakomeza kubaka amatsinda yubushakashatsi bwumwuga kugirango akore ubushakashatsi kandi atezimbere ibinyabuzima bigezweho, abone uburinganire hagati yicyatsi kibisi, karuboni nkeya no kugenzura ibiciro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-10-2023