Bitewe n’uko ibintu bibi bike nka ivu, azote, na sulfure mu bimera ugereranije n’ingufu z’amabuye y’agaciro, ifite imiterere y’ububiko bunini, imikorere myiza ya karuboni, koroha gutwika, ndetse n’ibice byinshi bihindagurika. Kubwibyo, biomass ni lisansi nziza cyane kandi ikwiriye cyane mu guhindura no gukoresha umuriro. Ivu risigaye nyuma yo gutwika biomass rikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zikenerwa n’ibimera nka fosifore, kalisiyumu, potasiyumu na manyeziyumu, bityo rishobora gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire yo kugaruka mu murima. Bitewe n’umutungo mwinshi w’ibimera n’inyungu zidasanzwe zishobora kongera gukoreshwa z’ingufu za biomass, ubu ifatwa nk'amahitamo y’ingenzi ku iterambere ry’ingufu nshya mu gihugu n’ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi. Komisiyo y’Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n’Ivugurura ry’Ubushinwa yavuze neza muri "Gahunda yo Gushyira mu Bikorwa Imbuto z’Ibihingwa mu Gihe cya Gahunda y’Imyaka Itanu" ko igipimo cy’ikoreshwa ry’ibyatsi kizagera kuri 75% mu 2013, kandi kigaharanira kurenza 80% mu 2015.
Uburyo bwo guhindura ingufu za biomass mo ingufu nziza, isukuye kandi zoroshye byabaye ikibazo cyihutirwa kigomba gukemurwa. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukurura ingufu za biomass ni bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kunoza imikorere y’ingufu za biomass no koroshya ubwikorezi. Kuri ubu, hari ubwoko bune bw’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi ku masoko yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga: imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi mu buryo bworoshye, imashini ikoresha piston stamping, imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi mu buryo bworoshye, n’imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi mu buryo bworoshye. Muri byo, imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi mu buryo bworoshye ikoreshwa cyane bitewe n’imiterere yayo nko kudakenera gushyushya mu gihe cyo gukora, ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo ibikoresho bibe bifite ubushuhe (10% kugeza 30%), umusaruro munini w’imashini imwe, ubucucike bwinshi, n’ingaruka nziza zo gukora. Ariko, ubu bwoko bw’imashini zikoresha ibintu byinshi muri rusange bufite ingaruka mbi nko kwangirika kw’ibimera byoroshye, igihe gito cyo gukora, ikiguzi kinini cyo kubungabunga, no gusimbuza ibintu bidakunze kugaragara. Mu gusubiza inenge zavuzwe haruguru z’imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi mu buryo bworoshye, umwanditsi yakoze igishushanyo gishya cyo kunoza imiterere y’imashini ikoresha ibintu byinshi, kandi yashushanyije imashini ikoresha ubwoko bumwe ifite igihe kirekire cyo gukora, ikiguzi gito cyo kuyitunganya, no kuyitunganya byoroshye. Hagati aho, iyi nkuru yakoze isesengura rya tekiniki ry’ibumba mu gihe cy’imikorere yaryo.
1. Kunoza imiterere y'ibumba ry'ibumba rya mold granulator
1.1 Intangiriro ku buryo bwo gukora Extrusion:Imashini ikora pellet ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ihagaze n'itambitse, bitewe n'aho pellet iherereye; Dukurikije imiterere y'ingendo, ishobora kugabanywamo amoko abiri atandukanye y'ingendo: roller ikora ifite ibumba rihamye n'ibumba rikomeye rifite ibumba rihumekwa. Iyi miterere myiza igamije ahanini imashini ikora pellet ifite ibumba rihamye n'ibumba rihamye nk'uko bigenda. Igizwe ahanini n'ibice bibiri: uburyo bwo kohereza n'uburyo bwo kohereza pellet. Ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba n'ibumba rikomeye ni ibice bibiri by'ingenzi by'imashini ikora pellet, ifite imyobo myinshi ikora pellet ikikije ibumba, kandi ibumba rikomeye rishyirwa imbere mu ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba. Ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rihagaze rifatanye n'ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba, kandi ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rihagaze. Iyo ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rihagaze, riyobora ibumba rimeze nk'ibumba rihagaze kugira ngo rizunguruke. Ihame ry'imikorere: Ubwa mbere, uburyo bwo kohereza butwara ibintu bya biomass byaciwe mu ngano runaka y'ibumba (3-5mm) mu cyumba cyo gukanda. Hanyuma, moteri iyobora umugozi mukuru kugira ngo iyobore umugozi w’umuvuduko kugira ngo uzunguruke, maze umugozi w’umuvuduko ugende ku muvuduko uhoraho kugira ngo ukwirakwize neza ibikoresho hagati y’umugozi w’umuvuduko n’umugozi w’impeta, bigatuma umugozi w’impeta ukomera kandi uhuze n’ibikoresho, umugozi w’umuvuduko n’ibikoresho, n’ibikoresho biri kumwe n’ibikoresho. Mu gihe cyo gukurura, cellulose na hemicellulose mu bikoresho bihurira hamwe. Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe buturuka ku gukurura umuvuduko w’umu ...
1.2 Kwambara kw'ibirungo:Umusaruro w’imashini imwe ni munini, ifite urwego rwo hejuru rw’imikorere kandi ishobora kwihuza n’ibikoresho fatizo. Ishobora gukoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye bya biomass, ikwiriye gukorwa ku bwinshi bw’ibicanwa binini bya biomass, kandi ikujuje ibisabwa mu iterambere ry’inganda zikora biomass dense forming lisansi mu gihe kizaza. Kubwibyo, imashini ya ring mold ikoreshwa cyane. Bitewe n’uko hashobora kuba hari umucanga muto n’indi myanda itari biomass mu bikoresho bya biomass byatunganyijwe, birashoboka cyane ko yangiza cyane imashini ya pellet. Igihe cyo gukora cya ring mold kibarwa hashingiwe ku bushobozi bwo gukora. Ubu, igihe cyo gukora cya ring mold mu Bushinwa ni toni 100-1000 gusa.
Kunanirwa kw'ibumba ry'impeta bibaho cyane cyane mu bintu bine bikurikira: ① Nyuma y'uko ibumba ry'impeta rimaze igihe runaka rikora, urukuta rw'imbere rw'umwobo w'ibumba rurashira kandi umwobo uriyongera, bigatera guhinduka gukomeye kw'ibicanwa byakozwe; ② Ubuso bw'umwobo w'ibumba ry'impeta burashira, bigatuma ingano y'ibikoresho bya biomass byinjijwe mu mwobo w'ibumba igabanuka, umuvuduko wo gusohoka ugabanuka, kandi byoroshye kuziba umwobo w'ibumba, bigatera kunanirwa kw'ibumba ry'impeta (Ishusho ya 2); ③ Nyuma y'ibikoresho byo ku rukuta rw'imbere no kugabanya cyane ingano y'ibisohoka (Ishusho ya 3);
④ Nyuma yo kwangirika k'umwobo w'imbere w'ibumba ry'impeta, ubugari bw'urukuta ruri hagati y'ibice by'ibumba biri hafi L burushaho kuba buto, bigatuma imbaraga z'imiterere y'ibumba ry'impeta zigabanuka. Imyanya ikunze kugaragara mu gice cy'akaga cyane, kandi uko imyanya ikomeza kwiyongera, habaho kuvunika kw'ibumba ry'impeta. Impamvu nyamukuru ituma ibumba ry'impeta ritagenda neza kandi rimara igihe gito ni imiterere idakwiye y'ibumba ry'impeta (ibumba ry'impeta rihujwe n'imyenge y'ibumba). Imiterere y'ibi byombi ikunze kugira ingaruka nk'izi: rimwe na rimwe iyo imyenge mike y'ibumba ry'ibumba ry'impeta ishaje kandi idashobora gukora, ibumba ry'impeta ryose rigomba gusimburwa, ibyo bikaba bitazana gusa ingorane ku mirimo yo gusimbuza, ahubwo binatera imyanda myinshi mu bukungu kandi byongera ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga.
1.3 Imiterere yo kunoza imiterere y'ibumba ry'ibihumyoKugira ngo wongere igihe cyo gukora imashini ikora ibumba ry'impeta, ugabanye kwangirika, worohereze gusimbuza, kandi ugabanye ikiguzi cyo kuyisana, ni ngombwa gukora igishushanyo mbonera gishya cyo kunoza imiterere y'ibumba ry'impeta. Ibumba ry'ibumba ryakoreshejwe mu gishushanyo, kandi imiterere y'icyumba cyo gukanda iragaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Ishusho ya 5 igaragaza ishusho y'ibumba ry'ibumba ryakozwe neza.
Iyi miterere myiza igamije ahanini imashini ikora icyuma gifunga icyuma ifite ishusho y'umuvuduko uhoraho n'icyuma gifunga icyuma gifunga icyuma. Igifunga cyo hasi gifunga ku mubiri, kandi ibyuma bibiri bifunga icyuma gi ...
Imiterere myiza y'imiterere y'ibumba rikora ifite imiterere yo kumara igihe kinini kandi ikora neza. Iyo imashini ikora igihe runaka, gutakaza uburyo bwo gukururana bituma umwobo w'ibumba rikora uba munini kandi ntube urimo gukoreshwa. Iyo ibumba rimaze igihe kinini rikuweho rikanagurwa, rishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibindi bipimo by'ibumba rikora. Ibi bishobora gutuma ibumba rikoreshwa kandi bikagabanya amafaranga yo kuritunganya no kurisimbuza.
Kugira ngo wongere igihe cyo gukora cya granulator no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora, icyuma gishyushya gikoresha icyuma cya manganese gifite karubone nyinshi gifite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika neza, nka Mn 65. Ibumba rigomba gukorwa mu cyuma cya alloy carburised cyangwa alloy ya nickel chromium ifite karubone nkeya, urugero nk'irimo Cr, Mn, Ti, nibindi. Bitewe n'izamuka ry'icyumba cyo gukanda, imbaraga zo gukururana zigaragara mu byuma byo hejuru n'ibyo hasi mu gihe cyo gukora ni nto ugereranije n'ibumba rikora. Kubwibyo, icyuma gisanzwe cya karubone, nk'icyuma cya 45, gishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cyo gukanda. Ugereranyije n'ibumba risanzwe rikora, rishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'icyuma gihenze, bityo bigagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora.
2. Isesengura rya tekiniki ry'ibumba ry'imashini ikora ibumba ry'impeta mu gihe cy'imikorere y'ibumba.
Mu gihe cyo gushushanya, lignin mu bikoresho irakoroha burundu bitewe n'ikirere gishyuha cyane n'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyaturutse mu ibumba. Iyo igitutu cyo gusohora kidakomeje kwiyongera, ibikoresho bishyirwa mu ibumba. Ibikoresho binyura neza nyuma yo gushushanya, bityo uburebure bushobora gushyirwa kuri d. Ibumba rifatwa nk'igikoresho gishyuha, kandi uburemere ku ibumba rikora buroroha.
Binyuze mu isesengura ryakozwe mu buryo bwa tekiniki, hashobora gufatwa umwanzuro ko kugira ngo haboneke igitutu ahantu hose mu ibumba rikora, ari ngombwa kumenya igitutu gikikije aho hantu mu ibumba rikora. Hanyuma, imbaraga n'igitutu biri aho hantu bishobora kubarwa.
3. Umwanzuro
Iyi ngingo itanga igishushanyo mbonera gishya cyo kunoza imiterere y’ibumba ry’ibumba ry’impeta y’impeta. Gukoresha ibumba ry’impeta rikozwe mu buryo bubiri bishobora kugabanya kwangirika kw’ibumba, kongera igihe cy’ibumba, koroshya gusimbuza no kubungabunga, no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora. Muri icyo gihe kandi, isesengura rya mekanike ryakozwe ku ibumba ry’ibumba mu gihe cy’imikorere yaryo, ritanga ishingiro ry’ubushakashatsi bw’inyongera mu gihe kizaza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 22 Gashyantare 2024